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Posted by: Dhammañāṇa
« on: March 01, 2019, 04:50:37 PM »Der großartige Hermit rettet das Leben des Tigers.
(Mahā Īsī Proh Khlā)
Einst schlief ein Tiger vor einem Schlangenloch, die Schlange kam heraus, biß in, und verletzte ihn tödlich. Zur selben Zeit war ein großartiger Einsiedler auf seinem Weg und passierte die Stelle. Weil sein Herz so von Gute durchdrungen war, wiederbelebte er den Tiger.
Der Tiger, den der großartige Hermit geheilt hatte, sagte: „Ich war gut und schnell eingeschlafen. Warum weckst du mich auf? Eben deshalb werde ich dich fressen müssen.“
Der großartige Einsiedler erwiderte: “Du hast vor einem Schlangenloch geschlafen und die Schlange kam raus, biß dich und du bist daran gestorben. Ich habe dich wieder zum Leben erweckt. Warum wünscht du nun mich zu fressen?“
Der Tiger und der großartige Hermit hatten da nun einen Disput. Da fragten sie den Schakal um Hilfe. Der Tiger und der großartige Hermit erklärten den Grund des Disputes. Der Schakal dachte: „Wenn ich den Tiger verurteile, sodaß er den Fall verliert, werde ich mich nicht mehr auf seine Macht in diesem Wald stützen können.“ Der Schakal urteilte den Fall entsprechend seiner Neigung die durch Liebe und Anhaftung (chandāgati) seine Ursache fand.
Der großartige Hermit akzeptierte seine Entscheidung nicht. Dann trafen sie einen Ochsen und erzählten ihm was passiert sein. Das Urteil der Kuh beruhte auf die Erwägung: „Wenn ich dem Tiger nicht helfe, wird er mich hassen und mich fressen.“ So half der Ochse dem Tiger zu gewinnen. Sein Urteil war seiner Angst zugeneigt (bhayāgati).
Dann bat der großartige Hermit einen Affen um Hilfe. Der Affe dachte: „In der Vergangenheit fiel ein Mann in einen Brunnen und mein Vater half ihm und dennoch aß der Handwerker meinen Vater.“ Das Urteil des Affen war durch Haß und Feindseligkeit getrübt (dosāgati).
Der vierte Richter war ein Bussard. Er dachte sich: „Zur Zeit bekomme ich mein Futter von den Essensresten des Tigers. Wenn ich gegen ihn entscheide, wird er böse auf mich sein. Wie wird es mir dann möglich sein von ihm Nahrung zu bekommen?“ Des Bussards Urteil war durch seine Gier und Verlangen voreingenommen (lophāgati).
Der großartige Hermit war abermals nicht einverstanden und so ging er zu einer Baumgottheit. Diese dachte: „Leute spazieren in den Wald, suchen Unterschlupf und brechen und schneiden stets Blätter ab.“ So urteilte die Gottheit zu Gunsten des Tigers. Sein Urteil war durch seinen Wahn und Dummheit getrübt. (Mohāgati).
Aber der großartige Hermit akzeptierte sein Urteil nicht. Er bat den Richter Hase um Hilfe und erklärte abermals war geschehen war. Der großartige Hermit sagte: „Dieser Tiger, der vor einem Schlangenloch schlief, würde durch einen Schlangenbiß getötet. Ich holte ihn mit meinen magischen Künsten zum Leben zurück. Dennoch ist er undankbar und will mich jetzt sogar fressen. Bitte mein Herr, überdenken sie diesen Fall und helfen sie mir."
Der Tiger erklärte: “Während ich wunderbar schlief, weckte mich der großartige Hermit auf. Aus diesem Grund bin ich geneigt ihn zu fressen. Er akzeptierte das nicht. Er bat den Schakal, den Ochsen, den Affen, den Bussard und die Baumgottheit um Hilfe und all diese Richter entschieden für mich. So bitte helfe mir.“
Die Erklärungen des Hermit und des Tigers angehört, überdachte der Richter Hase dieses, indem er mit seinem Verstand abwog. Er gab folgende Anweisung: „Lastet den Hermit und Bruder Tiger zurück an den Platz gehen, wo sich dieses Geschehnis zugetragen hatte und ich werde darüber nochmal urteilen. Sie waren damit einverstanden und gingen dorthin zurück.
Als der großartige Hermit und der Tiger den Platz erreichten, legte sich der Tiger wieder vor das Schlangenloch und schlief ein. Nach einer Weile kam die Schlange heraus, biß den Tiger und dieser starb. Richter Hase richtete sich an den Hermit: „Sehe dir diesen Tiger an. Durch seine Undankbarkeit starb er mit eigener Übereinkunft. Von nun an sei nicht mehr großzügig gegenüber dem Tiger.“ Dieses Urteil des Richter Hasen basierte auf dessen Unabhängigkeit, Fairness und einer ehrlichen Art zu denken.
Die bekannte Geschichte ist der Arbeit An Analysis of the Trickster Archetype as Represented by the Rabbit Character in Khmer Folktales (pdf) entnommen. In dieser Arbeiten finden sich auch zahlreiche Erklärungen über die Rolle des Richter Hasen und den buddhistischen Hintergründen in den kambodschanischen Volksmärchen.Mahā Īsī Proh Khlā (The Great Hermit Saves the Tiger’s Life)
Once a tiger was sleeping in front of a snake’s hole, The snake came out, bit and killed the tiger. Meanwhile a great hermit out on a journey happened to wander past that place. Because his heart was so kind, he revived the tiger back to life.
The tiger, whom the great hermit had cured, said, “I was well and fast asleep. Why do you awaken me? Because of that I need to eat you.”
The great hermit replied: “You had been sleeping in front of a snake’s hole, and the snake bit you and you died. I have restored your life. Why do you want to eat me?”
The tiger and the great hermit had a dispute with each other. Hence they asked the jackal for help. The tiger and the great hermit explained what the dispute was. The jackal thought: “If I judge that the tiger loses the case, I won’t be able to depend on his power in this forest anymore.” That the jackal judged the case like this was due to his bias caused by love or desire (chandāgati).
The great hermit did not accept this resolution. Then they found a cow judge and told him what happened. The cow judge reckoned that, “If I do not help the tiger, he will hate me and eat me.” So the cow helped the tiger to win. His judgment was biased by fear (bhayāgati).
Then the great hermit asked a monkey for help. The monkey thought: “In the past, a man had fallen into the well and my father helped him; however that crafty man ate my father.” The monkey’s judgment was clouded by hatred or enmity (dosāgati).
The fourth judge was a buzzard. He thought to himself, “Currently I often get my food from the remains of a tiger’s meal. If I decide against the tiger, he will be angry with me. How will I be able to get my food from him?” The buzzard’s judgment was biased by his greed or desire (lophāgati).
The great hermit disagreed again and he went to a tree spirit who thought, “People walking in the forest and taking shelter always break and cut off the leaves.” So the tree spirit judged in favor of the tiger. His judgment was biased by delusion or stupidity (Mohāgati).
But the great hermit did not accept this judgment. He asked Judge Rabbit for help and explained what happened again to the rabbit. The great hermit said, “This tiger who was sleeping in front of the snake’s hole was killed by the snake’s bite. I returned him to
life by using my magic charm. However he is ungrateful. Now he wants to eat me anyway. Please, sir, consider this case and help me.”
The tiger explained: “While I was comfortably sleeping, the great hermit awakens me. Consequently I am tempted to eat him. He did not accept this. He asked the jackal, the cow, the monkey, the buzzard and the tree spirit for help; and all these judges decided for me. Please help me.”
Hearing the great hermit’s and the tiger’s explanations, Judge Rabbit considered them, relying on his intelligence. He gave the following order: “Let the great hermit and Brother Tiger go back to where this incident happened, and I will judge it again.” They also agreed and went back there.
When the great hermit and the tiger approached that place, the tiger went to sleep on the snake’s hole again. After a while the snake came out, bit the tiger who then died. Then Judge Rabbit advised the great hermit, “Please look at that tiger. Due to his ingratitude he has died of his own accord. From now on, don’t be so generous to a tiger.” This judgment of Judge Rabbit was based upon his independent, fair and honest way of thinking.
Explaining:
“The Great Hermit Saves the Tiger’s Life” (PRBK 2001: 3, 1).54 Here, rabbit judges
without bias the case of the great hermit and the tiger. This folktale describes a great hermit who saves the life of a tiger bitten while sleeping in front of a snake’s hole, but the ungrateful tiger wants to eat him anyway. Therefore, they go off to find a judge who will settle their dispute. The first judge is a jackal. His bias is partially caused by love or desire (chandāgati). He says to himself, “If I judge the tiger and lose the case, I won’t be able to depend on his power in this forest.” Not accepting this judgment they go to the second judge, a cow. He is prejudiced by fear (bhayāgati). He reckons that, “If I do not help the tiger, he will hate me and eat me.” Being dissatisfied with that judgment, they go to the third judge, a monkey. His bias is caused by hatred or enmity (dosāgati). He thinks that, “In the past, a man had fallen into a well and my father helped him, however that crafty man ate my father.” Disagreeing with that judgment, they go to the fourth judge, a buzzard, who is prejudiced by greed or desire (lophāgati). He thinks that, “Today I frequently get my food from the remains of the tiger’s meal. If I judge that the tiger should lose the case, he will be angry with me; and how can I get the food from him?” Being dissatisfied with that discernment, they go to the fifth judge, a tree spirit. He is prejudiced by delusion or stupidity (mohāgati). He decides that, “People walking to the forest and taking shelter always break and cut off the leaves so I will judge that the tiger wins the case.” The last judge is the rabbit who is independent and neutral (sugatigamanam). He orders the tiger to go back to where the original event had taken place and if the tiger remains unbitten by the snake, he wins. Rabbit was not intimidated by the tiger’s physical power. He judged wisely, excluding love, hatred, greed, and delusion. It is clear that these four concepts are taken from the Buddhist ideas of how to be a good ruler or king. That is to say the good king and ruler must conduct his duties according to them (Payutto 1996: 24). A comparison between Judge Rabbit and the other animals and supernatural judges—cow, wolf, buzzard, tree spirit, and monkey—indicates that only the rabbit is an impartial judge. He represents the wisest one.
For more details see: An Analysis of the Trickster Archetype as Represented by the Rabbit Character in Khmer Folktales in the library.
And it's possible a good time to leave those so often warned, after having initiate to "gain life again", runing their ways as they are not capable to get changed, althought they will not understand even if effects of given causes will ripe.