➥ paviveka:

• for paviveka:
  • physical seclusion
  • seclusion from (Paviveka Sutta and// Dutiyadasabala Sutta//).

Paviveka: physical seclusion

Paviveka means physical seclusion except in the Paviveka Sutta, where the Buddha indicates that its use is inappropriate.

Paviveka: the Paviveka Sutta

In the Paviveka Sutta (AN i 240-1) non-Buddhist ascetics used paviveka to mean seclusion from luxurious items:

• Bhikkhus, non-Buddhist ascetics expound three forms of seclusion.

Tīṇimāni bhikkhave aññatitthiyā paribbājakā pavivekāni paññāpenti

1) robe material cīvarapavivekaṁ

2) almsfood piṇḍapātapavivekaṁ

3) abodes senāsanapavivekaṁ

These forms of seclusion meant:

1) wearing coarse robes, including hair blankets (kesakambalampi dhārenti)

2) eating coarse almsfood, including cowdung (gomayabhakkhā pi honti)

3) living in the open air (abbhokāsaṁ)

But to confirm that paviveka is wrong useage, in his retort the Buddha used the term vivitto hoti. He said:

• There are three forms of seclusion (pavivekāni) for a bhikkhu in this teaching and training system

tīṇi kho panimāni bhikkhave imasmiṁ dhammavinaye bhikkhuno pavivekāni.

1) He is virtuous. Having abandoned immorality, he is secluded from it

sīlavā ca hoti dussīlyañcassa pahīṇaṁ hoti tena ca vivitto hoti

• He has right perception [of reality]. Having abandoned wrong view [of reality], he is secluded from it

sammādiṭṭhiko hoti micchādiṭṭhi ca'ssa pahīṇā hoti tāya ca vivitto hoti

• He is free of perceptually obscuring states. Having abandoned them, he is secluded from them

khīṇāsavo hoti āsavā ca'ssa pahīṇā honti tehi ca vivitto hoti. (AN i 240-1)

The Buddha’s use of vivitto proves that paviveka should be corrected to viveka.

Dutiyadasabala Sutta: pavivitto exception

In the Dutiyadasabala Sutta (SN ii 28-9) pavivitto occurs in the phrase pavivitto pāpakehi akusalehi dhammehi, where one would have expected vivitto. This word combination occurs just once in the suttas, and is considered a mistake even by the commentary, which says: Pavivitto ti vivitto viyutto hutvā. Usually akusalehi dhammehi is linked with vivicca, a word combination that occurs 185 times, always in this phrase:

• Secluded from sensuous pleasures and spiritually unwholesome factors, he enters and abides in first jhāna, which is accompanied by thinking and pondering, and rapture and physical pleasure born of seclusion [from sensuous pleasures and spiritually unwholesome factors].

vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṁ savicāraṁ vivekajaṁ pītisukhaṁ paṭhamaṁ jhānaṁ upasampajja viharati. (MN i 435)

The combination with pavivitto is this:

• The energetic person abides happily, secluded from unvirtuous, spiritually unwholesome factors, and great is the personal good that he achieves.

Āraddhaviriyo ca kho bhikkhave sukhaṁ viharati pavivitto pāpakehi akusalehi dhammehi mahantañca sadatthaṁ paripūreti. (SN ii 28-9)

Paviveka: in verse ‘viveka’

Sometimes in verse, paviveka is shortened to viveka. This is illustrated sv Viveka.

Paviveka and viveka: inseparably linked

That the Buddha regarded living secludedly (pavivitta) to be inseparably linked to the development of seclusion [from sensuous pleasures and spiritually unwholesome factors] (viveka) is clear in these two quotes:

1) This teaching is for those who live secludedly, not for those given to the enjoyment of company. So it was said. And in reference to what was it said?

Pavivittassāyaṁ bhikkhave dhammo nāyaṁ dhammo saṅgaṇikārāmassā' ti iti kho panetaṁ vuttaṁ kiñcetaṁ paṭicca vuttaṁ

… In this regard, the bhikkhu living secludedly may be visited by bhikkhus, bhikkhunīs, laymen, laywomen, kings and kings’ ministers, and non-Buddhist ascetics and their disciples.

idha bhikkhave bhikkhuno pavivittassa viharato bhavanti upasaṅkamitāro bhikkhū bhikkhūniyo upāsakā upāsikāyo rājāno rājamahāmattā titthiyā titthiyasāvakā.

… In that case, the bhikkhu, mentally inclining, verging, and drifting towards seclusion [from sensuous pleasures and spiritually unwholesome factors], psychologically withdrawn [from sensuous pleasures and spiritually unwholesome factors], taking delight in the practice of unsensuousness, is one whose words are exclusively connected with religious inspiration.

Tatra bhikkhu vivekaninnena cittena vivekapoṇena vivekapabbhārena vavakaṭṭhena nekkhammābhiratena aññadatthu uyyojanikapaṭisaṁyuttaṁyeva kathaṁ kattā hoti. (AN iv 233)

The Buddha regarded the training in viveka to be part of the burden of paviveka:

2) The disciples of a teacher who lives secludedly do not likewise train themselves in seclusion [from sensuous pleasures and spiritually unwholesome factors]. They do not abandon those things which the teacher tells them to abandon. They are luxurious and careless, leaders in backsliding, throwing off the burden of physical seclusion

Idhāvuso satthu pavivittassa viharato sāvakā vivekaṁ nānusikkhanti. Yesañca dhammānaṁ satthā pahānamāha te ca dhamme nappajahanti. Bāhulikā ca honti sāthalikā okkamane pubbaṅgamā paviveke nikkhittadhurā. (MN i 14)

➥ paviveko: (main article see: paviveka)

Illustration: paviveko, physical seclusion

Is there any benefit for you in the rainy season in a forest like Ujjuhāna? [The town of] Veramba would be delightful for you. Physical seclusion is really only for those who meditate.

Kiṁ tavattho vane tāta ujjuhāno va pāvuse
Verambā ramaṇīyā te paviveko hi jhāyinaṁ. (Tha 597)

Comment:

Ujjuhāna was a jungle abounding in streams which made living there uncomfortable during the rains.

➥ pavivekāya: (main article see: paviveka)

Illustration: pavivekāya, physical seclusion

Not content with his unshakeable faith in the [perfection of the] Buddha’s [enlightenment], [a noble disciple] makes further effort for physical seclusion by day and for solitary retreat by night.

So tena buddhe aveccappasādena asantuṭṭho uttariṁ vāyamati divā pavivekāya rattiṁ paṭisallānāya. (SN v 398)

➥ pavivekassa: (main article see: paviveka)

Illustration: pavivekassa, physical seclusion

I have lived secludedly and have spoken in praise of physical seclusion

pavivitto ceva pavivekassa ca vaṇṇavādī. (SN ii 203)

➥ pavivekaṁ: (main article see: paviveka)

Illustration: pavivekaṁ, physical seclusion

Come now, let us, from time to time, enter and abide in the rapture that comes of physical seclusion.

kinti mayaṁ kālena kālaṁ pavivekaṁ pītiṁ upasampajja vihareyyāmā ti. (AN iii 206)

Illustration: paviveka, physical seclusion

Indeed, Ānanda, is impossible that a bhikkhu who takes pleasure and delight in company, who is given to the enjoyment of company, taking pleasure and delight in human fellowship, given to the enjoyment of human fellowship, can be one who attains at will, without trouble, without difficulty, that which is the pleasure of the practice of unsensuousness, the pleasure of physical seclusion, the pleasure of inward peace, the pleasure of enlightenment.

So vatānanda bhikkhu saṅgaṇikārāmo saṅgaṇikārato saṅgaṇikārāmataṁ anuyutto gaṇārāmo gaṇarato gaṇasammudito. Yaṁ taṁ nekkhammasukhaṁ pavivekasukhaṁ upasamasukhaṁ sambodhasukhaṁ tassa sukhassa nikāmalābhī bhavissati akicchalābhī akasiralābhīti netaṁ ṭhānaṁ vijjati. (MN iii 110)

➥ pavivekāya: (main article see: paviveka)

Illustration: pavivekāya, physical seclusion

Gotamī, things (dhamme) of which you might consider: ‘These things lead to

Ye kho tvaṁ gotamī dhamme jāneyyāsi ime dhammā

• physical seclusion, not company

pavivekāya no saṅgaṇikāya

You can definitely consider

• this is [in accordance with] the teaching

eso dhammo

• this is [in accordance with] the discipline

eso vinayo

• this is [in accordance with] the Teacher’s training system

etaṁ satthusāsanan ti. (AN iv 280)

Illustration: paviveka, physical seclusion

To one who is given to the enjoyment of physical seclusion, being given to the enjoyment of company is a thorn

pavivekārāmassa saṅgaṇikārāmatā kaṇṭako. (AN v 134)

Illustration: paviveka, physical seclusion

Bhikkhus, be given to the enjoyment and delight of physical seclusion.

Pavivekārāmā bhikkhave viharatha pavivekaratā. (Iti 32)